β Detection of lactam drugs

Atypical β- Lactam antibiotics (1) Cephalomycin derived from Streptomyces β- There are three types of lactam antibiotics, A, B, and C, with C being the strongest. Wide antibacterial spectrum, strong effect on Gram negative bacteria, and various β- The lactamase is stable. The chemical structure of cephalosporin is similar to that of cephalosporin, but there is a methoxy group on the 7-position carbon of its cephalosporin mother nucleus. At present, cefoxitin is widely used, with the same antibacterial spectrum and activity as second-generation cephalosporins. It has good effects on anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis, and is suitable for pelvic infections, gynecological infections, and mixed infections of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the abdominal cavity. （2） Latamoxef, also known as moxalactam, belongs to the chemical structure of oxocephalene. The sulfur at position 1 is oxygen substituted, and there is also a methoxy group on position 7 carbon. The antibacterial spectrum is wide, and its antibacterial activity is similar to that of cefotaxime. It has a strong effect on Gram positive and negative bacteria, as well as anaerobic bacteria, especially fragile Bacteroides β- The lactamase is extremely stable and the blood drug concentration is maintained for a long time. （3） Thienamycin belongs to the carbapenem class in chemical structure. The thiazole ring has a saturated chain, and the sulfur at position 1 is replaced by carbon. It has a wide antibacterial spectrum, strong antibacterial effect, low toxicity, but poor stability, and no practical significance. Imipenem has high efficacy, wide antibacterial spectrum, and enzyme resistance. It is easily hydrolyzed and inactivated by dehydropeptidase in the body. The mixture used is a combination of this product and the peptidase inhibitor cilastatin, known as tienam, which has good stability and is suitable for intravenous infusion. (IV) β- Lactamase inhibitor 1. Clavulanic acid (clavulanic acid) is a broad-spectrum class of oxypenicillanes β- Lactamase inhibitors have a wide antibacterial spectrum but low antibacterial activity. With multiple β- When combined with lactam antibiotics, the antibacterial effect is significantly enhanced. Clinical use of augmentin and timantin is a combination of clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, and ticarcillin, respectively. 2. Sulbactam (penicillane sulfone) is a semi synthetic β- Lactamase inhibitors, produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacteria β- Lactamase has a strong and irreversible inhibitory effect, with slightly stronger antibacterial activity than clavulanic acid, but it needs to be combined with other enzymes β- The combination of lactam antibiotics has a significant antibacterial synergistic effect. Unasyn is a mixture of sulbactam and ampicillin (1:2), available for intramuscular or intravenous injection. Sulperazone is a 1:1 mixture of sulbactam and cefoperazone, which can be administered intravenously. （5） Monocyclic β- Aztreonam, a lactam antibiotic, is the first single ring antibiotic successfully used in clinical practice β- Lactam antibiotics have a strong bactericidal effect on aerobic gram-negative bacteria, and have advantages such as enzyme resistance, low toxicity, and no cross sensitivity to penicillin. They can be used in patients with penicillin allergy and are often used as substitutes for aminoglycosides

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