Fungomycin detection

Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi growing in food or feed, which are harmful to both humans and animals. The earliest recorded poisoning caused by mycotoxins was ergot poisoning in 11th century Europe, and the clinical symptoms of this poisoning were described in medieval iconography. Due to the formation of toxic alkaloids in the sclerotia of ergot fungi, this disease is still known as ergot poisoning. The symptoms of acute ergot poisoning are hallucinations and muscle spasms, which then develop into continuous narrowing and necrosis of the limbs' arteries. At that time, it was already known that eating bread made from moldy grains would lead to illness. This widespread poisoning phenomenon was first referred to as the "spiritual fire" in Europe, and later also known as the San Antonio fire. Fungal toxin poisoning events that have had a significant social impact include white blood cell deficiency disease caused by food poisoning in East Siberia, Russia in 1913, acute fatal animal hepatitis in Georgia, USA in 1952, and turkey X disease in the UK in 1960. The moldy corn poisoning and sweet potato black spot poisoning that occurred in horses and cattle in China in the 1950s, the scab poisoning in the Yangtze River Basin, and the moldy sugarcane poisoning in South China. Fungi and their toxins are closely related to the occurrence of cancer. The high incidence of cancer is related to the presence of fungi and fungal toxins in food. The common fungal toxin is aflatoxin. The "turkey X disease" that caused the death of over 100000 turkeys in the UK in 1960 was caused by aflatoxin in feed. The main symptoms are loss of appetite, drooping wings, lethargy and death after infection, with the head and feet extending backwards during death. Anatomically, liver bleeding, necrosis, and renal enlargement are visible. Yellowing rice, that is, rice that loses its original color and has a yellow surface, is mainly caused by the infection of molds such as Penicillium flavum, Penicillium insulatum, and Penicillium citri. Pseudomonas aeruginosa can produce neurotoxins. Acute poisoning manifests as nerve paralysis, respiratory paralysis, and convulsions, while chronic poisoning manifests as hemolytic anemia. The Huangtianjing and Cyclochlorine produced by the island green toxin cause intrahepatic hemorrhage, liver necrosis, and liver cancer. Orange penicillin produced by Penicillium citri is toxic to the kidneys. Some bleeding syndromes are also caused by fungal toxins. The acute symptoms of T2 toxin produced by Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium oxysporum are systemic spasms, heart failure, and death; Subacute or chronic poisoning often manifests as gastritis, nausea, oral, nasal, pharyngeal, and gastrointestinal bleeding, extreme reduction of white blood cells, abnormal enlargement of lymphocytes, and prolonged blood coagulation time. The toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus causes skin and leukemia symptoms, with initial symptoms of salivation, enlarged lymph nodes in the lower jaw, congestion of the eyes, oral mucosa, and lips, followed by mucosal cracking. At the beginning, there is an increase in white blood cells, followed by a decrease in platelets and white blood cells. The blood clotting time is long, and many tissues show necrotic lesions, leading to death

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